Friday, 31 August 2012
Tuesday, 28 August 2012
Death of Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong's death
prompts yearning for America's past glories
The death of Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, has prompted a bout of soul-searching about America's national destiny as well as mourning for an icon of the 20th century.
As tributes continued to pour in on Sunday for the former astronaut who died aged 82 there were also expressions of regret that no human has been back to the moon since 1972, just three years after Armstrong set foot on it and gave his famous "giant leap for mankind" speech.
Elliot Pulham, chief executive of the Space Foundation, decried today's lack of backing for America's space agency Nasa, compared with the vast resources devoted to the moon landings programme in the 1960s.
"In this age of timid exploration goals and paltry Nasa budgets, Armstrong looms as a larger-than-life reminder of what our nation was once capable of," he said. Pulham said the real life drama of Armstrong's moon landing – watched by a fifth of the world's population – was unlikely to be repeated now except fictionally in a summer blockbuster.
He said: "In an age when Hollywood and professional sports manufacture so-called 'heroes', Armstrong exemplified the right stuff. He was the real deal."
Armstrong died on Saturday following heart problems that ensued after he underwent bypass surgery near his Ohio home earlier this month. His recovery had been thought to be going well, and his death came as a surprise to many.
A statement released by his family gave few details, but spoke of a "reluctant American hero" and said to those who might want to pay tribute to him: "Honour his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."
Speaking from the White House, Barack Obama said the self-declared "nerdy" engineer was "among the greatest of American heroes – not just of his time, but of all time". He added: "And when Neil stepped foot on the surface of the moon for the first time, he delivered a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten."
Armstrong's crew member on Apollo 11 and the second man to walk on the moon, Buzz Aldrin, said he was "deeply saddened" by the loss of his good friend and "space exploration companion" with whom he had hoped to mark the 50th anniversary of their mission in 2019.
"Whenever I look at the moon I am reminded of that precious moment, over four decades ago, when Neil and I stood on the desolate, barren, yet beautiful, Sea of Tranquillity," he said in a statement. "Looking back at our brilliant blue planet Earth suspended in the darkness of space, I realised that even though we were farther away from Earth than two humans had ever been, we were not alone.
"Virtually the entire world took that memorable journey with us. I know I am joined by many millions of others from around the world in mourning the passing of a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew. My friend Neil took the small step but giant leap that changed the world and will forever be remembered as a historic moment in human history."
Across the US, there was a sense that he represented the achievement of a past age of American greatness. Many focused on how the bid for the moon had been begun by John F Kennedy who as president audaciously set the target of putting a man there in a 1961 speech.
Armstrong – a quiet man who shunned fame – seemed to symbolise that dream fulfilment of a national goal, rather than the current situation which has seen Nasa cancel or curtail numerous missions in the face of budget squeezes.
Former astronaut Eugene Cernan, the last man on the moon, said: "He [Kennedy] challenged us to do something people thought was impossible. What couldn't be done. Neil was the focal point of that … He was the epitome of doing something that people thought was impossible."
Others too mourned Armstrong by decrying the state of the US. "Today we cannot pass a budget through both houses of Congress in as much time as it took to send a man into orbit," wrote columnist Andrew Pasternak on the news and culture website Policymic. "The time it took to rebuild lower Manhattan after 9/11 … will be longer than it took to build an entire space program and send a man to the moon."
Of course, Nasa does have its modern triumphs. Its engineers have just achieved the remarkable feat of landing a nuclear-powered rover on Mars. The robotic geologist is designed to spend years on the Martian surface. Another Mars mission has also just been announced, this one involving a more simple lander designed to drill below the planet's surface.
But these endeavours do not even come close to matching the excitement of Armstrong's success: no doubt in part because of the human element.
Nasa administrator Charles Bolden seemed to hint at that in his statement of tribute. "As we enter this next era of space exploration, we do so standing on the shoulders of Neil Armstrong," he said.
Armstrong is believed to have shared the sense of scepticism and dismay at Nasa's diminished ambitions. Eric Berger, who runs the SciGuy science blog, revealed that earlier this month he had been forwarded an email that Armstrong and other space exploration veterans had been circulating. It expressed frustration at the current travails of Nasa and quoted Yogi Berra, an American baseball legend. According to Berger the quote read: "If you don't know where you are going, you might not get there."
Saturday, 25 August 2012
Harry potter spells
Harry Potter Spells
The Three Forbidden Curses: (when used, you gain a lifetime sentence in Azkaban) The Imperius Curse: Imperio- Gives the caster full control over the person under the spell.
The Cruciatus Curse: Crucio- It delivers a lot of pain to the person who is being casted under this spell. It's a form of torture. (It can drive you insane, like Neville's parents, if you are under it a lot.)
The Killing Curse: Avada Kedavra- True to it's name; unblockable
The Cruciatus Curse: Crucio- It delivers a lot of pain to the person who is being casted under this spell. It's a form of torture. (It can drive you insane, like Neville's parents, if you are under it a lot.)
The Killing Curse: Avada Kedavra- True to it's name; unblockable
The rest of the spells are not as severe as the Forbidden ones.
Thursday, 16 August 2012
Lamborghini
Lamborghini
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., commonly referred to as Lamborghini, designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes luxury sports cars. Lamborghini's production facility and headquarters are located in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. In 2011, Lamborghini's 831 employees produced 1,711 vehicles.
Manufacturing magnate Ferruccio Lamborghini founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari. The company's first models were released in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era.
Lamborhini grew rapidly during its first decade, but hard times befell the company when sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the1973 oil crisis. Lamborghini's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978, before Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987. Unable to operate Lamborghini profitably, Chrylser sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. Lamborghini's lack of success continued through the 1990s, until Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the AUDI AG subsidiary of VOLKSWAGEN AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT on July 27, 1998. Audi's ownership marked the beginning of a period of stability and increased productivity for Lamborghini. Sales increased nearly tenfold over the course of the 2000s, peaking with record sales in 2007 and 2008. The world financial crisis in the late 2000s negatively affected all luxury car makers worldwide, and caused Lamborghini's sales to drop nearly 50 percent.
Lamborghini's Sant'Agata Bolognese production facility produces V12 engines and finished automobiles. Lamborghini's current production vehicles are the V10-powered Gallardo and the V12-powered Aventador. Both production models are available in a variety of regular and limited-edition specifications.
Wednesday, 15 August 2012
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.
Son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using the new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination.
Gandhi led Indians in protesting the national salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in demanding the British to immediately Quit India in 1942, during World War II. He was imprisoned for that and for numerous other political offenses over the years. Gandhi sought to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He saw the villages as the core of the true India and promoted self sufficiency; he did not support the industrialization programs of his disciple Jawaharlal Nehru. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn he had hand spun on a charkha. His political enemy Winston Churchill ridiculed him as a "half-naked fakir. He was a dedicated vegetarian, and undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and political mobilization.
In his last year, unhappy at the partition of India, Gandhi worked to stop the carnage between Muslims on the one hand and Hindus and Sikhs that raged in the border area between India and Pakistan. He was assassinated on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu nationalist who thought Gandhi was too sympathetic to India's Muslims. 30 January is observed as Martyrs' Day in India. The honorific Mahatma or "Great Soul", was applied to him by 1914. In India he was also called Bapu . He is known in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence. The title of 'Father of Nation' was not formally conferred by the Government on Gandhi. Gandhi's philosophy was not theoretical but one of pragmatism, that is, practicing his principles in real time. Asked to give a message to the people, he would respond, "My life is my message.
Independence Day
Happy Independence Day
The Independence Day of India, celebrated on 15 August, is a holiday commemorating India's independence from the British rule and its birth as a sovereign nation on 15 August 1947. India achieved independence following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress. The independence coincided with the partition of India wherein the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into two new states—Dominion of India (later Republic of India) and Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan); the partition was stricken with violent communal riots.
The Independence Day is a national holiday in India. The flagship event takes place in Delhi where the Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort, followed by a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts. The day is observed all over India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. Citizens rejoice the day by displaying the national flag on their attire, household accessories, vehicles; varied activities such as kite flying, bonding with family and friends, and enjoying patriotic songs and films are seen.
Security concerns over militant attacks and sporadic calls for boycotting the celebration by separatist outfits occasionally limit the celebration in some places. Some organisations have carried out terrorist attacks on and around 15 August, and others have declared bandh and used black flags to boycott the celebration. Several books and films feature the independence and partition as pivotal events in their narrative.
Today is the day to remember our freedom
fighters
Tuesday, 14 August 2012
Founders of Google
Larry Page & Sergey Brin
Larry Page
Sergey Brin
Google began in March 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library." and was funded through the National Science Foundation among other federal agencies. In search for a dissertation theme, Page considered—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph. His supervisor Terry Winograd encouraged him to pick this idea and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks to be valuable information about that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind). In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", he was soon joined by Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford Ph.D. student supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995 in a group of potential new students which Brin had volunteered to show around the campus. Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, setting out from Page's own Stanford home page as its only starting point. To convert the backlink data that it gathered into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm. Analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—it occurred to them that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).
A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking. The technology in RankDex would be patented and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By early 1997, the backrub page described the state as follows:
Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996)
Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million
Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes
...
BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks.
-Larry Page page
cs.stanford.eduOriginally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google Inc., on September 4, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California.
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on allowed simple text ads.
Google Home Page September 1998Monday, 13 August 2012
He Made History in Writing
Roald Dahl
Roald(Roo-aal) Dahl was born on September 13, 1916, in Llandaff, South Wales, to Norwegian parents, Harald and Sofie (Hesselberg) Dahl. After graduating from Repton School in 1933, he went to work for the Shell Oil Company of East Africa until World War II started in 1939. He then served in the Royal Air Force as a fighter pilot and he became a Wing Commander. In 1940 Dahl's plane was hit by a machine gun fire, and he was severely injured. He was rescued by a fellow pilot and took him six months to recover. Although Dahl rejoined his squadron in Greece in the spring of 1941, the pain from his head and back injuries grew worse so that he had to be sent back to England on the disabled list.Dahl was then reassigned to Washington, D.C., as an assistant air attache'. It was there that he accidently began his career as a writer. One day while Dahl was working in his office, C.S. Forester Came to ask if he could interview him for a piece he was writing for The Saturday Evening Post because he had "seen action" in the war. Forester took Dahl to lunch with the intentions of taking notes about his most exciting war experience. However, Forester was having difficulty taking notes while eating, so Dahl offered to write down some notes and send them to him. The notes ended up being a story which he called "A Piece of Cake." Forester sent the story to The Saturday Evening Post under Dahl's name. The Post liked the story so much, they paid Dahl $1,000 and then signed him to write others. Soon his stories were being published in several other magazines, and his writing career had started.
In 1943 Dahl wrote his first children's book, The Gremlins. Eleanor Roosevelt read it to her grandchildren and liked it so much that she invited him to have dinner with her and the President at the White House. They had such a good time that he was invited again, and then the visits extended to weekends at their country house. During those visits, Dahl had the unique opportunity to talk with President Franlin Roosevelt about world events as casually as one might have a conversation with an very old friend. It was a very exciting experience for him.
In 1945, Dahl returned to England and moved into his mother's cottage in Buckinghamshire. In addition to his writing, he spent time on his interests in wines, antiques, paintings, and breeding and racing some greyhounds.
Seven years later he met the actress Patricia Neal, and they married on July 2, 1953. They moved to New York because Patricia was working in a play, but they spent their summers in England. They had five children: Olivia(dead), Tessa, Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy.
In 1945, Dahl returned to England and moved into his mother's cottage in Buckinghamshire. In addition to his writing, he spent time on his interests in wines, antiques, paintings, and breeding and racing some greyhounds.
Seven years later he met the actress Patricia Neal, and they married on July 2, 1953. They moved to New York because Patricia was working in a play, but they spent their summers in England. They had five children: Olivia(dead), Tessa, Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy.
James and the Giant Peach was written in 1961. It was the first children's book he wrote since The Gremlins. Until that time, Dahl had written only some short stories and plays for adults. But when Olivia was born, he began making up stories to tell her each night at bedtime. He said, "If I didn't have any children of my own, I would have never written books for children, nor would I have been capable of doing so." Dahl had some very definite ideas about what children liked to read which were supported by the success of his books. However, some critics considered his work too violent for use in libraries and schools.
Dahl's life was not always an easy one. He had to deal with much serious and tragic illness in his family. Theo had hydrocephalus as a young boy due to multiple head injures he suffered in an accident as an infant. Olivia died at age seven from measles encephalitis. His wife suffered three cerebral hemorrhages. Then he had to undergo two spinal operations for crippling back pains. In fact, throughout his life,Dahl had eight major operations and a few countless smaller ones. Trough it all, he always kept a wonderful perspective on his life which shines through in his writing.
On November 23, 1990, Roald Dahl had died of an infection in Oxford, England. He was an author and screenwriter whose awards include: Edgar Allen Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1954, 1959, and 1980 for being a " master of the macabre and the suprise denouement"; Federation of Children's Book Groups Award, 1983; Whitbread Award, 1983; and World Fantasy Convention Award, 1983. He had quite a distinguished career for a person who started out having no thoughts of being a writer or author.
Dahl's life was not always an easy one. He had to deal with much serious and tragic illness in his family. Theo had hydrocephalus as a young boy due to multiple head injures he suffered in an accident as an infant. Olivia died at age seven from measles encephalitis. His wife suffered three cerebral hemorrhages. Then he had to undergo two spinal operations for crippling back pains. In fact, throughout his life,Dahl had eight major operations and a few countless smaller ones. Trough it all, he always kept a wonderful perspective on his life which shines through in his writing.
On November 23, 1990, Roald Dahl had died of an infection in Oxford, England. He was an author and screenwriter whose awards include: Edgar Allen Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America in 1954, 1959, and 1980 for being a " master of the macabre and the suprise denouement"; Federation of Children's Book Groups Award, 1983; Whitbread Award, 1983; and World Fantasy Convention Award, 1983. He had quite a distinguished career for a person who started out having no thoughts of being a writer or author.
Sunday, 12 August 2012
Olympic Games
It was a very sad news for India hearing the losing of the wrestler Sushil Kumar. Sushil Kumar lost to Japan.After all at least India has got a silver to celebrate.
Friday, 10 August 2012
Enid Blyton
Enid Blyton
Enid Mary Blyton (11 August 1897 – 28 November 1968) was a British children's writer also known as Mary Pollock.
She is noted for numerous series of books based on recurring characters and designed for different age groups. Her books have enjoyed huge success in many parts of the world, and have sold over 600 million copies.[1]
One of Blyton's most widely known characters is Noddy, intended for early years readers. However, her main work is the genre of young readers' novels in which children have their own adventures with minimal adult help. Series of this type include the Famous Five (21 novels, 1942–1963, based on four children and their dog), the Five Find-Outers and Dog, (15 novels, 1943–1961, where five children regularly outwit the local police) as well as The Secret Seven (15 novels, 1949–1963, a society of seven children who solve various mysteries).
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Her work involves children's adventure stories, and fantasy, sometimes involving magic. Her books were and still are enormously popular throughout the Commonwealth and across most of the globe. Her work has been translated into nearly 90 languages.
Blyton's literary output was of an estimated 800 books over roughly 40 years. Chorion Limited of London now owns and handles the intellectual properties and character brands of Blyton's Noddy and the well known series the Famous Five.
Mark Twain
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens , better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on theMississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well received. Twain had found his calling.
He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
He lacked financial acumen, and, though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility.
Twain was born during a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it" as well. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age,"[3] and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature.
Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters.During his lifetime Dickens's works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, and by the twentieth century his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.
Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
Dickens rocketed to fame with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, celebrated for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly installments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities, Dickens went on to improve the character with positive lineaments. Fagin in Oliver Twist apparently mirrors the famous fence, Ikey Solomon; His caricature of Leigh Hunt in the figure of Mr Skimpole in Bleak House was likewise toned down on advice from some of his friends, as they read episodes. In the same novel, both Lawrence Boythorne and Mooney the beadle are drawn from real life – Boythorne from Walter Savage Landor and Mooney from 'Looney', a beadle at Salisbury Square. His plots were carefully constructed, and Dickens often wove in elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.
Dickens was regarded as the 'literary colossus' of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, is one of the most influential works ever written, and it remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. His creative genius has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to G. K. Chesterton andGeorge Orwell—for its realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand Oscar Wilde, Henry James and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism.
Thursday, 9 August 2012
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton
The Principia is generally considered to be one of the most important scientific books ever written, due, independently, to the specific physical laws the work successfully described, and for the style of the work, which assisted in setting standards for scientific publication down to the present time. Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope[8] and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series. Newton's work on infinite series was inspired by Simon Stevin's decimals.[9]
Newton, although an unorthodox Christian, was deeply religious, and wrote more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than on science and mathematics. Newton secretly rejected Trinitarianism, and feared being accused of refusing holy orders.
Changed the World
Albert Einstein
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.
He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His great intelligence and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His great intelligence and originality have made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.
galaxy note 10.1 vs ipad 3
| Design | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Device type | Tablet | Tablet | |
| OS | iOS (5.1) | Android (4.0) TouchWiz / L!ve Panel UX UI | |
| Form factor | Candybar | Candybar | |
| Dimensions | 9.50 x 7.31 x 0.37 (241.2 x 185.7 x 9.4 mm) | 10.11 x 6.90 x 0.35 (256.7 x 175.3 x 8.9 mm) | |
| Weight | 23.35 oz (662 g) the average is 4.1 oz (118 g) | 20.56 oz (583 g) the average is 4.1 oz (118 g) | |
| Design features | Stylus | ||
| Side Keys | Right: Volume control, Other | ||
| Colors | Black, White |
| Display | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical size | 9.70 inches | 10.10 inches | |
| Resolution | 2048 x 1536 pixels | 1280 x 800 pixels | |
Pixel density
| 264 ppi | 149 ppi | |
Technology
| IPS LCD | Super PLS LCD | |
| Colors | 16 777 216 | ||
| Touchscreen | Capacitive, Multi-touch | Capacitive, Multi-touch | |
| Features | Light sensor | Light sensor |
| Battery | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity | 11560 mAh | 7000 mAh | |
| Type | Li - Polymer | Li - Ion |
| Hardware | |||
|---|---|---|---|
System chip
| Exynos 4412 | ||
Processor
| Dual core, 1000 MHz, Apple A5X | Quad core, 1400 MHz, ARM Cortex-A9 | |
| Graphics processor | Quad core PowerVR SGX543MP4 | ARM Mali | |
System memory
| 1024 MB RAM | 2048 MB RAM | |
| Built-in storage | 32 GB | 64 GB | |
| Storage expansion | |||
| Slot Type | microSD, microSDHC | ||
| Maximum card size | 32 GB |
| Camera | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Camera | 5 megapixels | 5 megapixels | |
| Flash | LED | ||
| Aperture size | F2.4 | ||
| Focal length (35mm equivalent) | 35mm | ||
| Features | Back-illuminated sensor (BSI), Auto focus, Touch to focus, Video stabilizer, Face detection, Geo tagging | Auto focus, Geo tagging | |
| Camcorder | Yes | Yes | |
| 1920x1080 (1080p HD) (30 fps) | |||
| Features | Video calling | ||
| Front-facing camera | 0.3 megapixels VGA | Other |
| Multimedia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Music player | |||
| Filter by | Album, Artist, Genre, Playlists | Album, Artist, Playlists | |
| Features | Album art cover, Background playback, Dolby Digital | Album art cover, Background playback | |
| Supported formats | MP3, AAC, eAAC, eAAC+, WAV, M4A (Apple lossless) | MP3, AAC, AAC+, eAAC+, FLAC, WMA, WAV, AMR, OGG, MIDI | |
| Video playback | |||
| Supported formats | MPEG4, H.264, Motion JPG, MOV | MPEG4, H.263, H.264, DivX, WMV, AVI, Flash Video, MKV | |
| Speakers | Earpiece, Loudspeaker | ||
| Streaming | Audio, Video | Audio, Video | |
| YouTube player | Yes | Yes |
| Internet browsing | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Browser | Yes | Yes | |
| Supports | HTML, HTML5 | HTML, HTML5, Flash | |
| Built-in online services support | Facebook, YouTube (upload), Flickr, Twitter | Facebook, YouTube (upload), Picasa, Twitter |
| Technology | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| GSM | 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz | 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz | |
| UMTS | 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz | 850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz | |
| LTE | 700 MHz Class 17, 1700/2100 MHz | ||
| Data | LTE, HSDPA+ (4G) 42.2 Mbit/s, HSDPA+ (4G) 21.1 Mbit/s, UMTS, EDGE, GPRS | HSDPA+ (4G) 21.1 Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, UMTS, EDGE, GPRS | |
| Global Roaming | Yes | Yes | |
Positioning
| A-GPS, Glonass, Cell ID, Wi-Fi positioning | A-GPS, Glonass | |
| Navigation | Yes | Yes |
| Phone features | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Phonebook | Unlimited entries | Unlimited entries | |
| Organizer | Calendar, Alarm, Document viewer, Calculator | Calendar, Alarm, Document viewer, Calculator | |
| Messaging | Threaded view, Predictive text input | Threaded view, Predictive text input | |
| IMAP, POP3, SMTP, Microsoft Exchange | IMAP, POP3, SMTP, Microsoft Exchange | ||
| Instant Messaging | Yes | Google Talk, ChatON |
| Connectivity | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bluetooth | 4.0 | 4.0 | |
| Wi-Fi | 802.11 b, g, n, a | 802.11 b, g, n, a | |
| Mobile hotspot | Yes | ||
| Wi-Fi Direct | Yes | ||
| USB | Yes | USB 2.0 | |
| Connector | Proprietary | Proprietary | |
| Features | USB Host | ||
| Headphones connector | 3.5mm | 3.5mm | |
| HDMI | Yes | ||
| Charging connector | Proprietary | Proprietary | |
| Other | TV-Out, Computer sync, OTA sync | MHL, Computer sync, OTA sync, Infrared |
| Other features | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Notifications | Flight mode, Silent mode, Speakerphone | ||
| Sensors | Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass | Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Compass | |
| Other | Voice commands, Voice recording | Voice commands, Voice recording |
| Availability | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Officially announced | 07 Mar 2012 | 27 Feb 2012 |
| Shopping information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Accessories | Dock Connector to USB Cable, 10W USB Power Adapter, Documentation |
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